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{{Infobox Settlement|official_name = London|other_name =|native_name = |nickname =|settlement_type = |motto =|image_skyline = Canary-wharf-one.jpg|imagesize = 265px|image_caption = [Canary Wharf] is the centre of London's modern office towers]|image_map1 =|mapsize1 =|map_caption1 =|image_dot_map =|dot_mapsize =|dot_map_caption =|dot_x = |dot_y =|pushpin_map = |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_map_caption =|pushpin_mapsize =|subdivision_type = [List of sovereign states]|subdivision_name = [United Kingdom|subdivision_name1 = [England|subdivision_name2 = [Greater London|subdivision_name3 = [City of London] & [London borough]|subdivision_type4 =|subdivision_name4 =|government_footnotes =|government_type =|leader_title =Regional authority|leader_name = [Greater London Authority|leader_name1 = [London Assembly|leader_name2 = [Ken Livingstone|leader_title4 =[Parliament of the United Kingdom]
 - London Assembly
 - [European Parliament
[London Assembly constituencies]
[London (European Parliament constituency)]|established_title = Settled by Romans|established_date = as Londinium ca. [Anno Domini] 50|established_title2 = |established_date2 =|established_title3 = |established_date3 =|area_magnitude = 1 E9|unit_pref = |area_footnotes =|area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 =|area_total_sq_mi =1.00|area_land_sq_mi =|area_water_sq_mi =|area_water_percent =|area_urban_km2 =|area_urban_sq_mi =|area_metro_km2 =|area_metro_sq_mi =|area_blank1_title =Greater London|area_blank1_km2 =|area_blank1_sq_mi =609|population_as_of =2006|population_footnotes = KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas www.statistics.gov.uk World Gazetteer - World: metropolitan areas|population_note =|population_total =circa 9,200 (2005 est.)|population_blank1_title =Greater London|population_blank1 =7,172,091|population_density_blank1_km2 =4761|population_density_blank1_sq_mi=12331|population_metro = 12 to 14 million|population_density_metro_km2 =|population_density_metro_sq_mi =|population_urban =8278251|population_density_urban_km2 =|population_density_urban_sq_mi =|population_blank2_title =[Demonym) |population_blank3 = 59.8% [White British]
11.4% [White Other (United Kingdom Census)]
12.1% [British Asian]
10.1% [Black British]3.2% [British Mixed]
2.7% [British Chinese] or [Other ethnic group (United Kingdom Census)]|timezone = [Greenwich Mean Time]|utc_offset = 0|timezone_DST = [British Summer Time]|utc_offset_DST = +1|latd=51 |latm=30 |lats=28 |latNS=N|longd=00 |longm=07 |longs=41 |longEW=W|elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 24|elevation_ft = 79|postal_code_type = |postal_code =|area_code =|blank_name =|blank_info =|blank1_name =|blank1_info =|website = http://www.london.gov.uk|footnotes =-->London (pronounced ) is the [capital] city of both the [United Kingdom] and [England]. The ancient [City of London], to which the name originally belonged, still retains its mediaeval boundaries, but the name "London" has long applied more generally to the whole metropolis which has grown up around it.

An important settlement for around [History of London], London is today one of the world's leading [business], [finance] and [cultural] centres, and its influence in [politics], [education], [entertainment], [Mass media], [fashion] and the [arts] all contribute to its status as one of the major [Global city].
  • Inventory of World Cities, GaWC, [Loughborough University] Retrieved on [2007-08-16];
  • Sassen, Saskia - The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. (1991) - [Princeton University Press]. ISBN 0-691-07063-6. Retrieved on [2007-08-16];
  • Global Cities: GaWC Inventory of World Cities 1999 [Global cities#GaWC Inventory of World Cities .281999 Edition.29];
  • Global Cities: GaWC Inventory of World Cities 2004 [Global cities#GaWC Leading World Cities .282004 Edition.29]


London is the [Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits] in the [European Union], with an official population of 7.5 million (as of mid-2006) and has a [metropolitan area] population of between 12 and 14 million. Its diverse population draws from a wide range of peoples, cultures and religions, speaking over 300 different languages. Languages spoken in the UK population. Retrieved on [2007-08-17].

It is an international [Transport and infrastructure in London] hub, with five [international airport]s and a large [Port of London]. It serves as the largest aviation hub in the world, and its main airport, the multi-terminal [Heathrow Airport], carries more international passengers than any other airport in the world.

London is a major [tourist destination] with four [world heritage sites], a number of [Royal Parks of London], and numerous iconic landmarks such as the [Palace of Westminster], [Tower Bridge], the [Tower of London], [Westminster Abbey], [Buckingham Palace] and the [London Eye]. Other attractions include famous institutions such as the [British Museum] and the [National Gallery, London], along with a multitude of shopping, nightlife and entertainment venues in the [West End of London]. London's main geographical feature is the [River Thames] which runs through the city from the south-west to the east.

Definitions London can be defined in a number of different ways. The London [regions of England], also commonly known as [Greater London], is the area administered by the [Greater London Authority]. The urban sprawl of the conurbation—or [Greater London Urban Area]—covers a roughly similar area, with a slightly larger population. Beyond this is the vast [London commuter belt]. London Assembly - London in its Regional Setting (PDF) Retrieved on [2007-08-16]. At London's core is the small, ancient [City of London] which is commonly known as "The City" or "Square Mile". Within London, both the City of London and the [City of Westminster] have [City status in the United Kingdom] and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are [Ceremonial counties of England]. OPSI - Lieutenancies Act 1997 Retrieved on [2007-08-16]. The current area of [Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England#Greater London] was [historic counties of England] part of the counties of [Middlesex], [Kent], [Surrey], [Essex] and [Hertfordshire].Barlow, I., Metropolitan Government, (1991) is the official residence of the [Queen of the United Kingdom] in London.Forty percent of Greater London is covered by the [London postal district].HMSO, The Inner London Letter Post, (1980) The [020 (UK dial code)] covers a larger area, similar in size to Greater London, although some outer districts are omitted and some places just outside are included. The area within the orbital [M25 motorway] is sometimes used to define the "London area"Royal Mail, Address Management Guide, (2004) and the Greater London boundary has been [List of Greater London boundary changes] in places. OPSI - The Essex, Greater London and Hertfordshire (County and London Borough Boundaries) Order 1993 Retrieved on [2007-08-16]. Greater London is split for some purposes into [Inner London] and [Outer London]. Informally, the city is split into [North London], [South London], [East London, England], [West London] and often also [Central London].

London's metropolitan area grew considerably during the [Victorian era] and again during the [Interwar period]. Expansion halted in the 1940s because of [World War II] and [Green Belt (UK)] legislation, and the area has been largely static since.Hill, D., Urban Policy and Politics in Britain, (2000) The [Metropolitan Police District], [History of local government in London] and [History of transport in London (1933-2003)] have varied over time, but currently broadly coincide with the Greater London boundary. OPSI - Greater London Authority Act 1999 Retrieved on [2007-08-16].

Unlike most capital cities, London's status as the capital of the UK has never been granted or confirmed officially—by [statute] or in written form. London in Photos. Retrieved on [2007-08-16]. Its position as the capital has formed through [constitutional convention (political custom)], making its position as [de facto] capital a part of the [Constitution of the United Kingdom]. The capital of England was moved to London from [Winchester] as the [Palace of Westminster] developed in the 12th and 13th centuries to become the permanent location of the [Noble court], and thus the political capital of the nation. British Archaeology Issue 45, June 1999 Retrieved on [2007-08-16].

The [Ancient Rome] may have marked the centre of [Londinium] with the [London Stone], still visible on [Cannon Street]. The coordinates of the nominal centre of London (traditionally considered to be the original [Eleanor Cross] at [Charing Cross], near the junction of [Trafalgar Square] and [Whitehall]) are approximately . Trafalgar Square has also become a central point for celebrations and protests. Greater London Authority - Trafalgar Square. Retrieved on [2007-08-16].

{]
  • [City of Westminster]
  • [Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea]
  • [London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham]
  • [London Borough of Wandsworth]
  • [London Borough of Lambeth]
  • [London Borough of Southwark]
  • [London Borough of Tower Hamlets]
  • [London Borough of Hackney]
  • [London Borough of Islington]
  • [London Borough of Camden]
  • [London Borough of Brent]
  • [London Borough of Ealing]
  • [London Borough of Hounslow]
  • [London Borough of Richmond upon Thames]
  • [Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames]
  • [London Borough of Merton]
    • | style="background:#FFF; padding:0 1em;" class="toccolours"| |
  • [London Borough of Sutton]
  • [London Borough of Croydon]
  • [London Borough of Bromley]
  • [London Borough of Lewisham]
  • [London Borough of Greenwich]
  • [London Borough of Bexley]
  • [London Borough of Havering]
  • [London Borough of Barking and Dagenham]
  • [London Borough of Redbridge]
  • [London Borough of Newham]
  • [London Borough of Waltham Forest]
  • [London Borough of Haringey]
  • [London Borough of Enfield]
  • [London Borough of Barnet]
  • [London Borough of Harrow]
  • [London Borough of Hillingdon]
    • |}

    Geography and climate Topography and climate {{climate chart||2|8|52|2|8|34|4|11|42|5|13|45|8|17|47|11|20|53|14|23|38|13|23|47|11|19|57|8|15|62|5|11|52|3|9|54|source=Met Office{{cite web| url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/sites/greenwich.html|title=Greenwich 1971–2000 averages |work=Met Office| -->|float=right-->Greater London covers an area of 609 square miles (1,579 [square kilometre]), making it the 37th largest [List of cities by population]. World's Largest Urban Areas. Retrieved on [2007-08-16]. Its primary geographical feature is the [River Thames], a [navigable river] which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The [Thames Valley] is a [floodplain] surrounded by gently rolling hills such as [Parliament Hill, London], [Addington Hills], and [Primrose Hill]. These hills presented no significant obstacle to the growth of London from its origins as a port on the north side of the river, and therefore London is roughly circular.

    The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive [marshland]s; at high tide, its shores reached five times their current width. London: A History, by Francis Sheppard page 10. Retrieved on [2007-08-16]. Since the [Victorian era] It has been extensively [Thames Embankment], and many of its London [tributary] now flow [Subterranean rivers of London]. The Thames is a tidal river, and London is vulnerable to flooding. "Flooding" - UK [Environment Agency]. Retrieved on [2006-06-19]. The threat has increased over time due to a slow but continuous rise in [Tide] level by the slow 'tilting' of Britain (up in the north and down in the south) caused by post-[glacier] [isostatic rebound]. "Sea Levels" - UK Environment Agency Retrieved on [2007-08-16]. In 1974, a decade of work began on the construction of the [Thames Barrier] across the Thames at [Woolwich] to deal with this threat. While the barrier is expected to function as designed until roughly 2030, concepts for its future enlargement or redesign are already being discussed. BBC News: On the rise: The Thames in 2100 Retrieved on [2007-04-19].

    London has a [temperate] [Oceanic climate], like much of the [British Isles], with regular but generally light [precipitation (meteorology)] throughout the year—unlike the rest of the UK and even the nearby coast. London is in fact among the driest of Europe's capitals, with water resources per head of population equivalent to [Israel]. The Impacts of Climate Change on London London.gov.uk. Retrieved on [2007-08-16]. The warmest month is July, with an average [temperature range] at [Greenwich] of 13.6 [Celsius] to 22.8 °C (56.5 to 73.0 [Fahrenheit]). Record high temperatures of up to were recorded in different parts of London on [10 August] [2003]. August 2003 - hot spell, [Met Office]. Retrieved on [2007-02-21]. The coolest month is January, averaging 2.4 °C to 7.9 °C (35.6 to 46.2 °F). Average annual [Precipitation (meteorology)] is 583.6 [metre] (22.98 in), with February on average the driest month. Greenwich 1971–2000 averages, [Met Office]. Retrieved on [2006-07-15]. Snow is relatively uncommon, particularly because [Urban heat island] can make London up to 5 °C (9 °F) hotter than the surrounding areas in winter. However light snowfall is seen on some days most winters. London is in [United States Department of Agriculture] [Hardiness zone] 9, and AHS Heat Zone 2. Story of London. Retrieved on [2007-08-16].{{Infobox Weather] | language = -->|accessdate = 14 August 2007-->

    Districts . [Hyde Park, London] is visible in the centre, with [Richmond Park] to the south-west (bottom left corner).London's vast urban area is often described using a set of district names (e.g. [Bloomsbury, London], [Knightsbridge], [Mayfair], [Whitechapel], [Fitzrovia]). These are either informal designations, or reflect the names of superseded parishes and city wards. Such names have remained in use through tradition, each referring to a neighbourhood with its own distinctive character, but often with no modern official boundaries.

    One area of London which does have a strict definition is the [City of London] (usually just called The City). London is one of the world's three largest financial centres (alongside [New York City] and [Tokyo]) with a dominant role in several international financial markets, including cross border bank lending, international bond issuance and trading, foreign-exchange trading, over-the-counter derivatives, fund management and foreign equities trading. London: Centre of International Finance. Retrieved on [2007-08-16]. It also has the world's largest insurance market, the leading exchange for dealing in non-precious metals, the largest spot gold and gold lending markets, the largest ship broking market, and more foreign banks and investment houses than any other centre. London: Center of International Finance. Retrieved on [2007-08-16]. The City has its own governance and boundaries, giving it a status as the only completely autonomous local authority in London. London's new financial and commercial hub is the [London Docklands] area to the east of the City, dominated by the [Canary Wharf] complex. Other businesses locate in the [City of Westminster], the home of the [Government of the United Kingdom] and the famous [Westminster Abbey].

    The [West End of London] is London's main entertainment and shopping district, with locations such as [Oxford Street], [Leicester Square], [Covent Garden] and [Piccadilly Circus] acting as tourist magnets. The [West London] area is known for fashionable and expensive residential areas such as [Notting Hill], [Knightsbridge] and [Chelsea, London]—where properties can sell for tens of millions of pounds. Guardian Unlimited Money. Retrieved on [2007-08-16]. The average price for all properties in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea is £894,000 with similar average outlay in most of [Central London]. Price of Properties. Retrieved on [2007-08-17].

    The eastern side of London contains the [East End of London] and East London. The East End is the area closest to the original [Port of London], known for its high immigrant population, as well as for being one of the poorest areas in London. The surrounding [East London, England] area saw much of London's early industrial development; now, [brownfield land] sites throughout the area are being redeveloped as part of the [Thames Gateway] including the [London Riverside] and [Lower Lea Valley], which is being developed into the [Olympic Park, London] for the [London 2012 Olympic bid].

    Architecture on the [River Thames] at night. at night

    The density of London varies, with high employment density in the [Central London], high residential densities in [inner London] and lower densities in the [Outer London]. In the dense areas, most of the concentration is achieved with medium-rise and [high-rise] buildings. London's skyscrapers such as the famous [30 St Mary Axe], [Tower 42] and [One Canada Square] are usually found in the two financial districts, the [City of London] and [Canary Wharf].

    In recent years, the development of [Tall buildings in London] has been encouraged in the [London Plan], which will lead to the erection of new skyscrapers over the next few years as London goes through a high-rise boom, particularly in the City of London and Canary Wharf. The 72-storey, 310 m "[Shard London Bridge]" by [London Bridge station], the 288 m [Bishopsgate Tower] and around 30 other skyscrapers over 150 m are either proposed or approved and could transform the city's skyline.

    Other notable modern buildings include [City Hall (London)] in [Southwark] with its distinctive oval shape, the [British Library] in [Somers Town, London]/[Kings Cross, London], and the Great Court of the [British Museum]. What was formerly the [Millennium Dome] is now used as the cover of an entertainment district known as The O2, next to the Thames, to the east of Canary Wharf. The disused (but soon to be rejuvenated) 1939 [Battersea Power Station] by the river in the south-west is a local landmark, while some railway termini are excellent examples of Victorian architecture, most notably [St Pancras railway station] and [Paddington railway station] (at least internally). Paddington Station. Retrieved on [2007-08-16]. Another major local landmark is [The London Ark] by [Ralph Erskine (architect)], in Hammersmith., one of Londons many shopping streets.London is too large to be overwhelmingly characterised by any particular [architectural] style, having accumulated its buildings over a long period of time and drawing on an inexhaustible range of influences, although it is mainly [brick] built, most commonly a warm orange red, often with carvings and white plaster [molding (decorative)]. London: architecture. Retrieved on [2007-08-16]. Many areas of the city are characterised by white [stucco] or whitewashed buildings. Few structures pre-date the [Great Fire of London] of 1666, except for a few trace [Ancient Rome] remains, the [Tower of London] and a few scattered [Tudor style architecture] survivors in the City. A majority of buildings in London date from the [Edwardian] or [Victorian architecture] periods. London: architecture. Retrieved on [2007-08-16].

    A great many monuments pay homage to people and events in the city. [The Monument] in the City of London provides views of the surrounding area while commemorating the [Great Fire of London] which originated nearby. [Marble Arch] and [Wellington Arch], at the north and south ends of [Park Lane (road)] respectively, have royal connections, as do the [Albert Memorial] and [Royal Albert Hall] in [Kensington]. [Nelson's Column] is a nationally-recognised monument in [Trafalgar Square], providing a focal point for the whole central area.

    Environment Often called "The Green City," London has a number of open spaces. Green City Walks in London. Retrieved on [2007-08-17]. The largest of these in the central area are the [Royal Parks of London] of [Hyde Park, London] and its neighbours [Kensington Gardens] and [Holland Park] at the western edge of [central London], and [Regent's Park] on the northern edge. This park is located near the tourist attractions of Baker Street, where the fictional [Sherlock Holmes] lived, and [Madame Tussauds] Wax Museum. Closer to central London are the smaller Royal Parks of [Green Park] and [St. James's Park]. Hyde Park in particular is popular for [London#Sports] and sometimes hosts open-air concerts.

    A number of large parks lie outside the city centre, including the remaining Royal Parks of [Greenwich Park] to the south-east, and [Bushy Park] and [Richmond Park] to the south-west. [Primrose Hill] to the north of Regent's Park is a popular spot to view the city skyline. Some more informal, semi-natural open spaces also exist, including the [Hampstead Heath] of [North London]. This incorporates [Kenwood House], the former [stately home] and a popular location in the summer months where classical music concerts are held by the lake, attracting thousands of people every weekend to enjoy the music, scenery and fireworks. In the extreme South East of Greater London, the London Boroughs of [London Borough of Bexley] and [London Borough of Bromley] are noted for their open spaces and extensive wooded areas.

    History Early London {{imagestack| is one of London's oldest and most important buildings|right-->Although there is some evidence of scattered [Brython] settlement in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the [Roman Empire] in AD 43, following the [Roman invasion of Britain]. This settlement was called [Londinium], commonly believed to be the origin of the present-day name, although a Celtic origin is also possible.

    The first London lasted for just seventeen years. Around AD 61, the [Iceni] tribe of [Celt]s led by Queen [Boudica] stormed London, burning it to the ground. The next, heavily-planned incarnation of the city prospered and superseded [Colchester] as the capital of the [Roman Britain] of [Britannia] in AD 100. At its height in the 2nd century AD, Roman London had a population of around 60,000. However, by the 3rd century AD, the city started a slow decline due to trouble in the [Roman Empire], and by the 5th century AD, it was largely abandoned. Historical Overview of London Population. Retrieved on [2007-08-17].

    By 600 AD, the [Anglo-Saxons] had created a new settlement ([Lundenwic]) about 1 km upstream from the old Roman city, around what is now [Covent Garden]. History and general information. Retrieved on [2007-08-17]. There was probably a harbour at the mouth of the [River Fleet] for fishing and trading, and this trading grew until disaster struck in 851 AD, when the city's defences were overcome by a massive [Viking] raid and it was razed to the ground. History and general information. Retrieved on [2007-08-17]. A Viking occupation twenty years later was short-lived, and [Alfred the Great], the new King of England, established peace and moved the settlement within the [defensive wall]s of the old Roman city (then called [Lundenburgh]). The original city became Ealdwic ("old city"), a name surviving to the present day as [Aldwych].

    Subsequently, under the control of various English kings, London once again prospered as an international trading centre and political arena. However, Viking raids began again in the late 10th century, and reached a head in 1013 when they besieged the city under Danish King [Canute the Great] and forced English King [Ethelred the Unready] to flee. History and general information. Retrieved on [2007-08-17]. In a retaliatory attack, Ethelred's army achieved victory by pulling down [London Bridge] with the Danish garrison on top, and English control was re-established.

    Canute took control of the English throne in 1017, controlling the city and country until 1042, when his death resulted in a reversion to [Anglo-Saxons] control under his pious step-son [Edward the Confessor], who re-founded [Westminster Abbey] and the adjacent [Palace of Westminster]. History and general information. Retrieved on [2007-08-17]. By this time, London had become the largest and most prosperous city in England, although the official [seat of government] was still at [Winchester, Hampshire]. History and general information. Retrieved on [2007-08-17].

    Norman and medieval London {{imagestack| destroyed many parts of the city in 1666|right-->Following a victory at the [Battle of Hastings], [William the Conqueror], the then [Duke of Normandy], was crowned King of England in the newly-finished [Westminster Abbey] on [Christmas Day] 1066. William granted the citizens of London special privileges, while building a castle in the south-east corner of the city to keep them under control. This castle was expanded by later kings and is now known as the [Tower of London], serving first as a [Palace] and later as a [prison].

    In 1097, [William II of England] began the building of [Westminster Hall], close by the abbey of the same name. The hall proved the basis of a new [Palace of Westminster], the prime royal residence throughout [Middle Ages]. Westminster became the seat of the royal court and government (persisting until the present day), while its distinct neighbour, the City of London, was a centre of trade and commerce and flourished under its own unique administration, the [City of London Corporation]. Eventually, the adjacent cities grew together and formed the basis of modern [central London], superseding [Winchester] as capital of England in the 12th century.

    London grew in wealth and population during the Middle Ages. In 1100 its population was around 18,000, by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000. Historical Overview of London Population. Retrieved on [2007-08-17]. However disaster struck during the [Black Death] in the mid-14th century, when London lost nearly a third of its population. Historical Overview of London Population. Retrieved on [2007-08-17]. Apart from the invasion of London during the [Peasants' Revolt] in 1381, London remained relatively untouched by the various civil wars during the Middle Ages, such as the [First Barons' War] and [Second Barons' War] Barons' Wars and the [Wars of the Roses].

    After the successful defeat of the [Spanish Armada] in 1588, political stability in England allowed London to grow further. In 1603, [James VI of Scotland] came to the throne of England, essentially uniting the two countries. His enactment of harsh [anti-Catholicism] laws made him unpopular, and an [Assassination] was made on [5 November] [1605]—the famous [Gunpowder Plot]. History and general information. Retrieved on [2007-08-17].

    [Black Death] caused extensive problems for London in the early 17th century, culminating in the [Great Plague of London] in 1665–1666. This was the last major outbreak in Europe, possibly thanks to the disastrous fire of 1666. The [Great Fire of London] broke out in the original City and quickly swept through London's wooden buildings, destroying large swathes of the city. Rebuilding took over ten years. History and general information. Retrieved on [2007-08-17].

    Rise of modern London of [World War II]Following London's growth in the 18th century, it became the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925. Largest Cities Through History Retrieved on [2007-08-16]. This growth was aided from 1836 by London's first [railway]s, which put countryside towns within easy reach of the city. The rail network expanded very rapidly, and caused these places to grow while London itself expanded into surrounding fields, merging with neighbouring settlements such as [Kensington]. Rising [traffic congestion] on city centre roads led to the creation of the world's first [metro] system—the [London Underground]—in 1863, driving further expansion and urbanisation.http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1604.aspx London Underground: History], Transport for London. Retrieved on [2006-09-17]. Because of this rapid growth, London became one of the first cities in human history to reach a population of one million, and was the first ever to surpass five million.

    London's [local government] system struggled to cope with the rapid growth, especially in providing the city with adequate [Infrastructure in London]. Between 1855 and 1889, the [Metropolitan Board of Works] oversaw infrastructure expansion. It was then replaced by the [County of London], overseen by the [London County Council], London's first elected city-wide administration.

    [The Blitz] and other bombing by the [Germany] [Luftwaffe] during [World War II] killed over 30,000 Londoners Air Raid Precautions Home Front Website. Retrieved on [2007-08-16]. and flattened large tracts of housing and other buildings across London. The rebuilding during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s was characterised by a wide range of [architectural style]s and has resulted in a lack of architectural unity that has become part of London's character. In 1965 London's political boundaries were expanded to take into account the growth of the urban area outside the County of London's borders. The expanded area was called [Greater London] and was administered by the [Greater London Council].

    In the decades following World War II, large-scale immigration from [Commonwealth of Nations] countries and beyond transformed London into one of the most racially and culturally diverse cities in Europe. Integration of the new immigrants was not always smooth, with major [race riot]s in [Notting Hill] and [Brixton], but was certainly smoother than in other English regions and largely lacking in widespread support for far right organisations, unlike its European or American contemporaries.

    An economic revival from the 1980s onwards re-established London's position as a pre-eminent international centre. However, as the seat of government and the most important city in the UK, it has been subjected to bouts of [terrorism]. [Provisional Irish Republican Army] bombers sought to pressure the [British government] into negotiations over [Northern Ireland], frequently disrupting city activities with [bomb threat]s—some of which were carried out—until their 1997 cease-fire. More recently, a [7 July 2005 London bombings] were carried out by Islamic extremist [suicide bombers] on the public transport network on [7 July] [2005]—just 24 hours after London was [2012 Summer Olympics bids] the [2012 Summer Olympics].

    Government Local government at night, headquarters of the [Greater London Authority]The administration of London takes place in two tiers—a city-wide, strategic tier and a local tier. City-wide administration is coordinated by the [Greater London Authority] (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities. History and general information. Retrieved on [2007-08-17].

    The GLA is responsible for [London Plan], [Metropolitan Police Authority], the [London Fire Brigade], most aspects of [Transport for London] and [London Development Agency]. It consists of two elected parts—the [Mayor of London], who has executive powers, and the [London Assembly], who scrutinize the Mayor's decisions and can accept or reject his budget proposals each year. The GLA is a recent organisation, having been set up in 2000 to replace the similar [Greater London Council] (GLC) which had been abolished in 1986. History and general information. Retrieved on [2007-08-17]. The headquarters of the GLA and the Mayor of London is at [City Hall London].

    The Mayor of London is [Ken Livingstone], who is in his second term of office. He was elected in 2000 as an independent candidate and again in 2004 as a [Labour Party (UK)] candidate. Ken Livingstone was also the leader of the GLC when it was abolished in 1986.

    The 33 local authorities are the 32 [London borough]s and the [City of London]. History and general information. Retrieved on [2007-08-17]. They are responsible for local services not overseen by the GLA, such as local planning, schools, [Social work], local roads and refuse collection. The London boroughs each have a council which is elected every four years by local residents. The City of London does not have a conventional local authority, but is governed by the historic [City of London Corporation] which is elected by both residents and businesses, and which has existed more or less unchanged since the [Middle Ages]. The head of the Corporation is the [Lord Mayor of London], which is a different position from that of Mayor of London.

    The City of London also has its own police force: The [City of London Police], which is independent of the [Metropolitan Police Service] which covers the rest of Greater London.

    Health services in London are managed by the national government through the [National Health Service], which is controlled and administered in London by a single [NHS Strategic Health Authority]. Strategic Health Authorities > Map Search {London}, National Health Service. Retrieved on [2007-01-09].

    National government at duskLondon is the home of the [Government of the United Kingdom] which is located around the [Palace of Westminster] in [Westminster]. Many government departments are located close to Parliament, particularly along [Whitehall], including the Prime Minister's residence at [10 Downing Street].

    The British Parliament is often referred to as the "Mother of Parliaments" (although this [sobriquet] was first applied to England itself by [John Bright]) because it has been the model for most other parliamentary systems, and its Acts have created many other parliaments. Many nations with parliaments have to some degree emulated the British "three-tier" model. Most countries in Europe and the [Commonwealth of Nations] have similarly organised parliaments with a largely ceremonial head of state who formally opens and closes parliament, a large elected lower house and a smaller, upper house.

    London is represented in the national [British House of Commons] by 74 [Member of Parliament] (MPs) who correspond to local parliamentary [United Kingdom constituencies]. History and general information . Retrieved on [2007-08-17]. For a list of London constituencies, see [List of Parliamentary constituencies in Greater London]. Of these 74 MPs, 44 are from the [Labour Party (UK)], 21 are [Conservative Party (UK)], 8 are [Liberal Democrats] and one is from the [RESPECT The Unity Coalition] party.

    Economy , in the [City of London] at night.London is a major centre for [International Business] and commerce and is one of three "command centres" for [The Global Economy] (along with [New York City] and [Tokyo]). London is the world's second largest financial centre after New York and has the 6th largest city economy in the world, larger than Osaka but smaller than Paris. As Europe's second largest city economy, year-by-year London generates approximately 20% of the UK's [Gross Domestic Product], p8, Oxford Economic Forecasting on behalf of the Corporation of London. (Figure uses 2002 prices.) Published November 2005. Retrieved on [2006-06-19]. (or $446 billion in 2005); while the economy of the [London metropolitan area] (the largest in Europe)See: [List of metropolitan areas in the European Union by GRP] generates approximately 30% of UK's GDP (or an estimated $669 billion in 2005.)"Information Reference: Wikipedia.org


    London england

    Questions and Answers

    London England?

    Q) How many other Londons are there in the world? It seems like Americans (on the TV, I'm sure they're not representative of their whole society) always say London England rather than just plain old London. And no its nowhere near Scotland. I do realise of course that the UK is minute compared to the US so really I suppose in those terms London is just down (not up, I'm a northerner) the road from Edinburgh (thats Ed -In- Borough not Eden Burg)

    A) Well, I am sure each of the 50 States has it's own town or city called London. But, you are right, there really is no need to refer to it as London England unless you live in one of these towns. But it is not near Scotland??? Wow, we learn something every day...lol.

    I would like to move to London England Britain.?

    Q) I would like to move to LONDON. England UK. I am putting in for a Council Housing Exchange. I dont know much about London been there just a few times. Is there any Council Housing in Kensington area. Or anywhere which is in Central London. Looking for a quite area near to bus ,tube stations etc.To have local park and good shopping areas. Please honest answers only. Please it would be most helpful if anyone could give me Council Housing Office address or telephone number thank you I have a right to want to move where i want to' i am born British and Have a British Passport. I am giving a Council House up in exchange for another. And its no ones buiness only mine.Thank you for the kind help i am receiving Thank you spurs 2008 , the unknown person and moglai thats the kind of answers i am looking for.Decent ones as i dont know much about london.Looking for a place to live you dont have to travel miles to get to anywhere.But keep the answers comming please, unknown person could you e mail me thank you everyone

    A) You would be VERY lucky to get a swap in Kensington! Kensington has the least council homes in London. Lots of people want to move out, particularly older Londoners. There's a website called HOMESWAP, you can enter your details, it's basically a site for all council and housing association tenants in the UK to advertise their swap requirements. Central London is very sought after and the rents match the demand. However, if you've got a property with a garden, perhaps near the sea in a des res, you may stand a better chance. Good luck!

    I am looking for Key Chains that have London England or Manchester England written on it where can I get them?

    Q) I need to find at least two key chains for personal keys that have London England on one key chain, and Manchester England on the other key chain. I will also except other England city's if you can find them. Appearence wise does not matter. I live in Wisconsin. Just returned from the U.K. I purchased Key Chains from London and Manchester. Sorry to say They got left behind. So I need to replace them One key chain had London England written on it. The other Manchester England. They cost around $20.00 a piece So I would like to replace them if possible. I would also except other England cities key rings.

    A) just try ebay out mate

    How is life like in London, England? Do you love it or dislike it?

    Q) My boyfriend was born in England too. I want to move to London one day, but I want to know what life is like there. Is it better than the US in your opinion?

    A) Hi, Here's what I always pass along! Wow...you're in for a treat! Wear good walking shoes because London is a superb walking city. Bring a good map of the city and begin. Be a happy tourist and first hop on one of the major red double decker tour buses which afford you a perfect overview of London and you can "hop on and off" as often as you please...some for two days! I love www.theoriginaltour.com ! Highlights (see www.londonwalks.com): National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, Tate Modern Museum, London Eye, Covent Gardens (great shops n restaurants), St. Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Palace, see a play!, Harrods, Harvey Nichols, Tower of London. Know London has many beautiful parks which can be your oasis when needing a rest. Kensington Gardens in one of the world's wealthiest areas - See Princess Di's Kensington Palace and shop Kensington High St. and wander up Church St. for boutiques and such. Nearby: Royal Albert Hall, Science Museum, Natural History Museum and Victoria & Albert Museum. Hyde Park connects to Kensington Gardens. Explore Chelsea for boutiques as well. St. James Park - beautiful, sole restaurant inside. Green Park - high tea at the Ritz, Fortnum & Mason, Picadilly Circus (think Times Square). Shopping streets: Oxford, Bond, check for weekly markets...BUY "TIMEOUT LONDON" weekly magazine. Boat trip on the Thames - a must. Don't forget - you can take the EUROSTAR Chunnel train to Brussels or Paris for day trips (2.5 hrs +/- each way!) Hope this helps. Have a fantastic time! :)

    how many apartments blocks are there in London, England and UK?

    Q) Just need the figures for some market research. I want to know how many apartment blocks there are in London, England and UK in general.

    A) London: 875,456 UK: 2,456,389

    How to get from Shannon, Ireland to London, England (and back after a few days)?

    Q) My origin is 30 mins outside of Shannon, Ireland in Limerick County. What's the easiest way to get from that area to London, England? I can't afford a "BritRail + Ireland Pass", so I have to get one full-trip ticket instead (even if that includes a combination of bus/train/ferry tickets, etc.). I can't seem to find if BritRail will let you get such a ticket starting in & returning to Ireland. Please be very specific regarding which cities I need to be in to catch this or that bus or train. I leave out on a Saturday night (traveling until sometime Sunday) and return the next Wednesday/Thur if that makes any difference with bus schedules. If you think I need a bus at some point, please supply the website(s) if you know it. THANK YOU!!!!!! Thanks, but I'm looking to arrive in London early morning on the 9th of April and leave Wed evening on the 12th. The prices climb astronomically for Easter. Am I S.O.L.?

    A) why didn't you take the Ryanair 8 euro round trip ticket from Shannon to London?

    Can you give me well known needlework shops in London, England?

    Q) I am looking for a needlework pattern of St. Paul's Cathedral in London, England. This is historically well known. Please help me.

    A) http://www.yell.com I dont live in London but the yellow pages should have a lot of the shops listed

    "ALMOND MILK" for drinking. Where can I buy it cheaply in London, England?

    Q) I am looking for 'almond milk' suitable for drinking. The best price I've found in London, England is £2.50 for a 1 Litre carton of almond milk. Do you have the phone number/address of a place where I can buy it more cheaply in London?

    A) Holland and Barrat sell it in my area, try a local shop. If they dont stock it ask if they can order it in for you;

    "ALMOND MILK" for drinking. Where can I buy it cheaply in London, England?

    Q) I am looking for 'almond milk' suitable for drinking. The best price I've found in London, England is £2.50 for a 1 Litre carton of almond milk. Do you have the phone number/address of a place where I can buy it more cheaply in London? (No stupid or obvious answers please..)

    A) Sounds about right try the internet type in almond nuts search

    "ALMOND MILK" for drinking. Where can I buy it cheaply in London, England?

    Q) I am looking for 'almond milk' suitable for drinking. The best price I've found in London, England is £2.50 for a 1 Litre carton of almond milk. Do you have the phone number/address of a place where I can buy it more cheaply in London?

    A) I distinctly remember having to be revived when I saw the price tag in Sainsburys! Try a Chinese supermarket - they sell some great stuff like Pak choi!! Making your own is a definite possibility to investigate if you can buy almonds from a fruit and veg wholesaler !! You can buy soy/almond milk making machines on the net. I prefer oat milk and make my own if I need it for anything. I can't believe people telling you to use cow's milk !! I know that you are asking becasue either a)You suffer from severe lactose intollerance and cannot digest cow's milk. b) are an ovo-vegetarian. c) are a fellow vegan.

    London England?

    Q) hey gals and guys, ever been to London England, now I have a choice between two hotels, one in the city center area, 26 km from Heathrow airport, and the other is in Chelsea area, 40 mins from air port, which is better? the city center one is very accessible to every where, buses and under ground are only a few minutes away from it, but I'm afraid of the noise cause it's so close to the airport, what is the city center any way, what can I find in it? What can I find in Chelsea? Which location is the closest to the London attractions, like Hide Park and Trafalgar square and the Buckingham palace and the theaters and so?

    A) What are the names of the hotels and the areas? Chelsea is lovely and quieter, and you will probably be close to Harrods, Sloane Square, Sloane Street and the Kings Road, all of which have great shopping and lots to see. You'll also be within reasonable distance of Hyde Park and Buckingham Palace. There are tubes at Sloane Square and Knightsbridge, but it is a fairly large area - if you give me the name of the hotel, I can be more detailed. The centre of town covers a huge area, so I really can't tell you much unless you're more specific. By definition, Chelsea is in Central London too, so I assume that you're talking about the West End, which is much busier and more touristy, but closer to the main shopping, eating and theatre areas. With more info, I'd be happy to give you more details.

    London, England.?

    Q) What are some things you know about London, England.. LIKE.. *place *location *regions *movment *human interaction and inviorment. any HELPFUL websites? please act fast. thank you.

    A) Well, my friend, no ofense, but it's called google. It's the most efficient weapon of the 21st century. Use it. I certainly have no intention of doing your research work for you, but I'll gladly provide a few websites with plentiful information on that which you studying: http://www.visitlondon.com/ http://londonengland.ca/ http://www.world66.com/europe/unitedkingdom/england/london

    London England?

    Q) I am searching for my relative living in london england, how can i find them

    A) I hired a private investigator to find a relative. It didn't cost that much to perform a task that would be very difficult to the average person. He was located less than a week later. good luck

    London, England?

    Q) What are the best areas of London to live in? Please be specific and also tell me why they are good. Thanks!!

    A) Highgate, Hamstead Gardern suberbs, westminster... List goes on but hosues are worth like £500 000 + Just look for places with low crime, and you'll be fine there are a lot of good places in London to live in and a few bad areas

    London, England?

    Q) Okay I know we all live in USA, but i need to train for cross country in london, does anybody know any places i can go to for free where they have like 400m tracks???

    A) If you're training for cross country, why do you need a track?

    london, england?

    Q) how do i verify a telephone # from London?. i have a number that i can't seem to get through. the following is happenning to me: 1. # is unreachable at that time 2. rapid line busy 3. slow line busy(longer interval) 4. the phone rings and then turns in to rapid line busy. need help !! :)

    A) The main UK directory enquiry service is available from the url below. Check under the 'Find a Person / Find a business' links. People can of course be ex-directory. More than happy to try/test the number for you, and report back. Mail me off 'Answers' if you wish me to do this. Maybe then I'll be able to recognize the descriptions of what you are actually hearing, rather than just having to guess! Then again, it may also depend on what your telecom provider is actually feeding back to you, and the type of line you are using. VOIP lines for example, tend to be somewhat different. Anyway, HTH.

    London,England what do they do there?

    Q) what recreation activities do people (all ages) do in London,England?

    A) same stuff you do just with a different accent

    Relocation to London England?

    Q) I will be relocating to London, England soon for work. Are there any London Relocation Services that anyone can suggest? I know of Apartment Finder UK, but am looking more for some kind of UK relocation specialists. Have been considering apartments in North East London, possibly Kensington.

    A) Your best bet for information on relocation to London, England is London Relocation Services. London Relocation offers an all inclusive service (Tailor made). Not only will you find a property that will suit your needs, they will help you find it in 1 to 2 days. London Relocation place 2-3 corporate clients as well as Study abroad students per week.

    Living in London, England $$$?

    Q) What is the average cost of a mid-level flat in London per month? I have an opportunity to pursue a job over-seas in London at 22,000-euros/year + bonuses. Where would that fall in terms of Lifestyle and Standard of Living in England? I misunderstood my conversation, its actually up to 22 pounds sterling per year plus bonuses, not euros. Any other info in light of this new detail, would be appreciated!!

    A) It's unusual to be paid in Euros for a London job, as the UK uses pounds sterling. Your wage is equivalent to just under £15,000 and this is below the national average wage in the UK. London is a large and diverse place, with rentals varying widely. The cheapest places would be in some parts of South/SE London (Brixton/Lewisham etc). The more expensive places are central and North West London. A good place to look for flats is www.gumtee.com as people can advertise there free and won't be paying a commission to Estate Agents. Even so, a cheap 1 bed flat will cost from £150pw (or £675 per month). Assuming no bonus, your monthly pay after paying tax and NI will be under £1,000 per month, so this would only leave under £300 per month for bills (council tax, TV licence, gas, food, electricity, travel to work etc). If you live alone renting a 1 bed flat this is an estimate of how much things would cost: Council tax: £80-£100 per month (depending on area) TV £13 per month Heating/electricity/water: £40pm Food: £160 This would be more than your salary assuming no bonus. The only way you might be able afford to live in London is to rent a room in a house with 3 other people. You could find a good room in a shared house for around £80 per week and the bills would be shared between 4 people. You would really need at least £30,000 to be able to rent a nice flat have a good lifestyle in London.

    Looking for London England Shoe Store from 1880's?

    Q) Is there anyone that is in London England that could do a history lookup for me PLEASE?? I am looking for a shoe store, named Hardy Shoe Store, or Hardie or Harding or Hardee .. I am not sure of the spelling. I need to know who owned it around 1880 and the marriage and children records of the person that owned the store. I am just told it was in London, but no one knows of any other information. I would GREATLY appreciate any help you could give.

    A) check the local newspapers from the time period, there could be ads in the paper

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